The Biological Approach

The biological approach to understanding human behaviour has evolved over centuries. Texts from as early as the sixth century BCE describe neurosurgery, including the removal of tumours and fluid from the brain in order to relieve pain. However, the first example of a psychological approach to understanding human behaviour comes with the development of phrenology in the 19th century. Phrenologists believed that the shape of a person's skull revealed their personality traits and mental abilities. Although this was later discredited, it contributed to the theory of localization of brain function which was furthered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by research into language.

In recent decades, the advent of brain imaging technology has allowed psychologists to explore the brain structure and activity non-invasively. This has contributed to an understanding of neuroplasticity and the interaction between the brain and the environment. DNA sequencing shows that this includes gene–environment interaction through epigenetics. This is an area in which our knowledge is evolving rapidly with the improving technology for studying the brain. Finally, animal models, often using rodents or primates, have been used in studying human behaviour. By examining the brains and behaviour of rodents and primates, researchers gain insights into human cognition and behaviour. The biological approach is continually evolving and helping us to understand the complex relationship between the brain and behaviour.